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At The U of Strength, we have the opportunity to coach athletes from a wide variety of sports, ages, and skill levels. Because of that, we believe it is essential to have an expansive resistance training toolbox.
One concept that often gets misunderstood in strength and conditioning is the use of partial range of motion (ROM) exercises. For years, many coaches have adopted an "ass-to-grass" mentality, believing that every movement must be performed through the greatest range of motion possible. While full ROM training absolutely has tremendous value, completely dismissing partial movements means leaving a valuable tool unused. The reality is that full and partial ROM exercises are not competing methods. They are complementary strategies that can be used together to improve athletic preparation. The question shouldn't be: “Which one is better?" Instead, it should be: "When is each tool most appropriate?" When applied effectively, partial range movements can provide unique benefits that support an athlete's long-term development and performance. 1. Reduce Overall Stress During Peaking & In-Season Training As competition approaches, the goal often shifts from building new qualities to maintaining performance while managing fatigue. Partial ROM exercises allow athletes to continue exposing the neuromuscular system to meaningful loads while reducing overall mechanical and physiological stress. This can be especially valuable during:
The athlete stays strong and explosive without accumulating unnecessary fatigue that may interfere with performance. 2. Complement Full Range of Motion Training Partial movements should not replace full ROM exercises. Instead, they can fill gaps that full ROM movements may not address. The combination often creates a more complete training stimulus than relying on either strategy alone. 3. Allow for Greater Force & Velocity Outputs Because the movement distance is reduced, athletes can often produce higher force outputs or move loads at greater velocities. This can be useful when targeting specific adaptations such as:
The ability to handle heavier loads or move more aggressively through a specific range can create a unique stimulus that may not be achievable through full ROM exercises alone. 4. Increase Variability in the Weight Room Athletes thrive when they are exposed to a wide range of movement experiences. One of our goals is to continually expand an athlete's training menu rather than limit them to a narrow set of exercises. Partial ROM variations provide another way to create:
More variability doesn't mean randomness. It means providing athletes with a broader set of experiences that may enhance their adaptability over time. 5. Increase Specificity Sport rarely demands force production through identical ranges of motion every time. Athletes often need to express force from different joint positions and body shapes. Partial movements can help accentuate these positions by allowing coaches to emphasize:
This allows training to become more targeted without abandoning the benefits of full ROM strength development. The Takeaway Full range of motion training remains an important foundation for athletic development. But dismissing partial movements simply because they don't travel through a complete range ignores the value they can provide. We don't view training methods as competing ideologies. We view them as tools. The best coaches aren't married to one method. They understand the strengths and limitations of each option and apply them when appropriate. Full ROM and partial ROM training both have a place in athletic preparation. When combined intelligently, they can help athletes manage fatigue, develop force capabilities, expand movement solutions, and prepare for the specific demands of sport.
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6/1/2026 Beyond Performance: Training Across the Force-Velocity Continuum to Build Robust Motor PatternsRead NowThe complex and contrast methods are traditionally viewed as strategies for improving performance. Heavy resistance exercises are paired with explosive, high-velocity actions to enhance power output, rate of force development (RFD), and overall athletic explosiveness. While these outcomes are well established, what often goes overlooked is the role these methods can play in developing more adaptable and robust motor patterns.
When thoughtfully designed, complex and contrast training becomes more than a way to increase outputs. It becomes a learning environment. By manipulating load, speed, rhythm, direction, and setup, athletes are exposed to a broad range of force and velocity demands. Instead of rehearsing a single “ideal” movement solution, they learn to organize and reorganize movement under changing constraints. Over time, this expands the athlete’s movement toolbox and strengthens the adaptability of their coordination strategies. Complex + Contrast as a Learning Tool In our training process, we’ve found tremendous value in combining complex and contrast methods. Traditionally, these pairings rely on post-activation potentiation (PAP), where a heavy resistance exercise temporarily enhances the nervous system’s ability to produce force and speed in the subsequent movement. The performance benefits are obvious:
But there is another layer that deserves attention. As athletes transition between high-force and high-velocity tasks, they are forced to solve new movement problems. The body must continuously recalibrate timing, stiffness, coordination, and force application strategies based on the demands of the task. This creates an important dual effect:
Rather than viewing contrast training strictly through the lens of physiology, it can also be viewed through the lens of skill acquisition and coordination development. Working Across the Force-Velocity Continuum The guiding principle behind our design is simple: Expose athletes to the full force-velocity continuum. Instead of living exclusively in high-force or high-speed environments, athletes learn to express force across multiple velocities and movement conditions. A typical progression may move from:
As speed increases, coordination demands shift. Ground contact strategies change. Timing changes. Shape organization changes. The athlete must continuously self-organize to solve the task effectively. This variability is important. A Practical Example Sequence A session built around complex and contrast principles may look something like this: 1. Squat, Deadlift, or Pressing Variations Purpose: High-load strength work primes the neuromuscular system while emphasizing force production and structural organization. At this end of the continuum, athletes experience:
These movements establish the force foundation that later explosive actions can build from. 2. Single-Response Jump & Throw Patterns Purpose: Transition toward higher-velocity outputs while maintaining high intent and force generation. Examples may include:
These movements begin bridging the gap between maximal force production and rapid force development. 3. Multi-Response Plyometrics Purpose: Challenge athletes to rapidly reorganize force production through elastic strategies. Examples may include:
Now the athlete must solve increasingly dynamic movement problems with less available time. The system shifts toward faster elastic behavior and coordination. 4. Accelerated Plyometrics Purpose: Create overspeed conditions that expose athletes to extremely high movement velocities and rapid force exchange. Examples may include:
These environments challenge the nervous system to coordinate movement at speeds often unavailable during normal training conditions. More Than Just Performance Metrics Too often, training conversations revolve solely around outputs:
While these metrics are valuable, they only tell part of the story. The deeper adaptation may be the athlete’s growing ability to coordinate movement effectively across changing demands. By working across the force-velocity continuum, athletes learn to:
This is especially important in sport, where athletes rarely encounter perfectly predictable situations. Training for Adaptability The goal is not to create athletes who can only perform well in controlled settings. The goal is to build athletes who can adapt. Complex and contrast methods help accomplish this because they expose the athlete to:
Every variation becomes an opportunity for exploration and self-organization. Instead of chasing a single “perfect” technique, athletes learn how to stabilize performance across many conditions. That is ultimately what robust motor behavior looks like. Beyond Peak Output Complex and contrast training should be viewed as more than performance enhancement tools. When integrated with thoughtful design, they become powerful environments for motor learning and coordination development. Yes, athletes may jump higher, sprint faster, or throw harder. But more importantly, they learn how to organize movement across a wide spectrum of demands. They develop motor systems that are more adaptable, resilient, and capable of holding up under fatigue, pressure, and unpredictability. By blending high-force and high-velocity methods across the continuum, coaches can provide athletes with the dual benefit of maximizing performance outputs while simultaneously strengthening the foundation of how those outputs are produced. When managing a training program, one of the most important, and often overlooked, considerations is how the foot interacts with the ground. Every sprint, jump, cut, and change of direction begins with this interaction. The quality of that connection influences how effectively an athlete can control their center of gravity, organize force, and express movement.
The foot is far more than a simple contact point. It’s a dynamic sensory and mechanical system that constantly receives information from the environment while simultaneously transmitting force back into the ground. How the body organizes around that system determines movement quality, balance, rhythm, and ultimately athletic performance. For this reason, developing propulsion is not simply about making athletes stronger. It’s about teaching them how to interact with the ground more effectively. Understanding the Rhythm of Propulsion During gait and athletic movement, propulsion unfolds through a sequence of coordinated stages. Each stage reflects how different regions of the foot interact with the ground to accept, manage, and redirect force through the body. These stages are commonly described as:
Together, they create the natural rhythm of movement, a cycle of yielding, producing, and releasing energy. Rather than viewing movement as isolated muscular actions, this perspective emphasizes how the entire system coordinates around ground interaction. Each stage contributes to the athlete’s ability to move efficiently, maintain balance, and transition seamlessly from one action to the next. When one stage is poorly organized, force leaks occur. Timing becomes inconsistent. Movement efficiency decreases. Over time, athletes may compensate with excessive stiffness, poor sequencing, or inefficient strategies that limit performance. Training these phases intentionally gives athletes access to more adaptable and effective movement solutions. The Three Stages of Propulsion 1. Early Phase — Force Acceptance & Initiation The early phase begins the moment the athlete contacts the ground. At this stage, the body transitions from yielding, accepting force, into organizing for propulsion. This phase is often overlooked because it appears subtle. However, it lays the foundation for everything that follows. If an athlete cannot organize shape and alignment during initial contact, force production later in the movement becomes compromised. Key qualities developed during this phase include:
The goal is not simply to accept force, but to organize it. Athletes who struggle here often collapse through the foot, lose trunk position, or shift excessively through the pelvis before propulsion even begins. Teaching athletes to manage this early stage improves both movement effectiveness and resilience. 2. Mid Phase — Max Force Production As the center of mass progresses over the foot, the body enters its strongest mechanical position for producing force. This is where propulsion becomes highly dependent on:
In many athletic tasks, this phase represents the athlete’s highest force-producing opportunity. The body must create enough stiffness to transmit force effectively without becoming too rigid or disconnected. Smooth athletes don’t simply push harder into the ground. They organize the body in a way that allows force to transfer through the system. This stage becomes especially important during athletic movements. The better the athlete can manage force through this stage, the more effectively they can express power. 3. Late Phase — Energy Transfer & Force Release The final phase of propulsion occurs as the athlete transitions toward toe-off and releases energy into movement. At this point, the forefoot becomes the final contact point with the ground. The body shifts from producing force to redirecting and transferring it into the next action. This phase relies heavily on:
Athletes who struggle here often appear “stuck” in the ground too long. Their movement loses rhythm, transitions become delayed, and energy transfer becomes inefficient. Effective late-phase propulsion creates smooth acceleration, fluid transitions, and dynamic movement qualities that are essential in sport. The body isn’t just pushing anymore, it’s releasing energy with precision and timing. Applying Propulsion Concepts in the Weight Room While these phases occur naturally during movement, they can also be trained intentionally within the weight room environment. One of the most versatile tools for exploring propulsion mechanics is the split squat. The split squat provides a unique opportunity because it allows coaches to manipulate:
By adjusting setup and environment, coaches can emphasize different stages of propulsion and expose athletes to specific movement problems. This transforms the split squat from a simple lower-body strength exercise into a powerful tool for teaching athletes how to organize force. Instead of merely chasing load, the athlete learns to feel:
Each variation teaches a slightly different solution. Split Squat Variations Through the Lens of Propulsion
Beyond Strength: Teaching Athletes to Interact with the Ground The split squat is often viewed purely as a unilateral strength exercise. But when examined through the lens of propulsion, it becomes much more than that. It becomes a teaching tool. A way to expose athletes to:
Rather than training muscles in isolation, we train the athlete’s relationship with the ground. This is important because sport does not happen in ideal positions. Athletes constantly transition between yielding and overcoming while adapting to changing environments. The more movement solutions they can access, the more adaptable and smooth they become. Final Thought Training propulsion isn’t simply about building stronger legs or producing more force. It’s about improving how athletes organize and transfer force through the ground. Every phase of movement depends on the interaction between the foot and the environment. The athlete who understands how to accept force, organize shape, and release energy efficiently will move with greater rhythm, balance, and intent. The split squat offers a simple yet highly adaptable framework for developing these qualities from the ground up. When programmed intentionally, it becomes more than an exercise. It becomes a staple for teaching athletes how to own their movement signature. 5/10/2026 Force Capability vs. Usability: Why We Don’t Believe in One-Size-Fits-All TrainingRead NowAt The U of Strength, we don’t believe athletic development should be dictated by tradition, convenience, or generic programming templates.
Too often, training systems default to rigid structures: 5x5 schemes, fixed linear progressions, predetermined exercise selections, and cookie-cutter “sport performance” plans that assume every athlete adapts the same way. But athletes are not assembly-line products. Every individual arrives with a unique blend of:
The problem with standardized systems is not that they never work. The problem is they often stop asking the most important question: What does this specific athlete actually need? At The U of Strength, our goal is not to force athletes into a predetermined model. Our goal is to identify the missing pieces within their system and create training environments that elevate their individual capabilities. Because performance is rarely limited by effort alone. More often, it is limited by a mismatch between the athlete and the training process itself. Force Potential vs. Force Expression When we assess athletic performance and force development, we separate the conversation into two complementary qualities: 1. Force Potential Force potential refers to an athlete’s maximum capacity to generate force. This is heavily influenced by:
In simple terms: How much force can the athlete can produce when given enough time? This is where traditional strength training often shines. Resistance training can significantly raise an athlete’s force ceiling, particularly in developing athletes who still possess large untapped adaptations. A stronger athlete generally has access to a larger force reservoir. But possessing force is only part of the equation. 2. Force Expression Force expression is the ability to access and organize that potential inside dynamic, time-sensitive sporting environments. In practical terms: How much force can the athlete actually use when movement is fast, dynamic, chaotic, and constrained by time? Sport rarely allows unlimited time to produce force. Acceleration, sprinting, cutting, jumping, striking, all occur under severe temporal constraints. The athlete must rapidly coordinate shape, rhythm, orientation, stiffness, timing, and intent while solving movement problems in real time. This means force expression is not simply about “being stronger.” It is about:
An athlete may possess impressive force potential in the weight room while struggling to express those qualities dynamically on the field, court and ice. This is why a weight room monster does not automatically become:
The bridge between force potential and force expression must be intentionally trained. Why One-Size-Fits-All Training Falls Short Most generalized programs treat athletes as if they all need the same stimulus delivered in the same way. But adaptation is highly individual. Some athletes are force-deficient. Some are coordination-deficient. Some lack rhythm. Some struggle with stiffness management. Some over-muscle movement. Others already possess high force potential but cannot organize it effectively in uncertain environments. Giving every athlete the exact same exercises, volumes, and "progressions" ignores the complexity of human adaptation. Two athletes may produce the same squat number while expressing entirely different movement behaviors on the field. One athlete may rely on excessive muscular tension. Another may leak force through poor timing. Another may lack positional awareness. Another may struggle with force directionality. The outputs may appear similar in isolated training, but the underlying systems are completely different. That distinction matters. Because training should not just chase numbers. It should improve the athlete’s ability to solve movement problems more effectively. Why Force Potential Still Matters Despite the rise of “sport-specific” training, foundational force development still matters immensely, especially for youth and developing athletes. If an athlete lacks sufficient force potential, their force expression will always remain capped. You cannot express qualities you do not possess. This is why the weight room remains a valuable tool:
For youthletes especially, this preparation is critical. Many are still learning:
The goal is not simply to make athletes stronger for the sake of strength. The goal is to expand the athlete’s movement bandwidth and increase the amount of usable force available to them later in sporting environments. The Missing Piece: Usability At The U of Strength, we constantly ask: Can the athlete actually use the qualities they are building? Because force that cannot be accessed under sporting conditions has limited transfer value. This is where intent-driven, individualized training becomes essential. We want athletes to:
The training process must progressively connect:
That bridge is where transfer occurs. Training Through the Lens of the Individual At The U of Strength, we do not worship exercises. We care about what the exercise is solving. The same movement can serve entirely different purposes depending on:
This is why individualized athletic development requires more than plugging athletes into templates. It requires observation, problem-solving, understanding how the athlete interacts with force, space, time, and information. The answer depends on the athlete in front of us. The Standard We Hold Ourselves To At The U of Strength, our philosophy is simple:
Just purposeful training built around the athlete’s individual needs. Because athletic development is not about forcing athletes into a system. It is about building systems that help athletes express the highest version of themselves. Force is the currency of sport. Every sprint, jump, cut, throw, and collision is shaped by how force is produced, directed, timed, and adapted. While we often reduce performance to “strength” or “power,” force in human movement is far more nuanced. Understanding its key characteristics helps coaches design better training environments and helps athletes develop movement solutions that actually transfer to sport.
Below are the primary characteristics of force and how they influence athletic performance. 1. Magnitude (Amount of Force) Magnitude refers to how much force is produced. According to Newton’s Second Law: Force = Mass × Acceleration In simple terms, greater force generally leads to greater acceleration. This matters for:
However, magnitude alone is not enough. Large forces applied poorly often result in wasted energy or increased injury risk. Key takeaway: High force capacity sets the ceiling, but it doesn’t guarantee effective movement. 2. Direction (Where the Force Is Applied) Force must be applied in the right direction to produce the desired outcome. In sport, movement rarely occurs straight ahead:
Misaligned force direction leads to braking forces, energy leaks, and slower outcomes. Key takeaway: Performance improves when force is oriented in the direction of the task, not just when force is high. 3. Point of Application (Where Force Is Applied) The location where force is applied, on the body or through the ground, shapes the resulting movement. Examples:
Small changes in the point of application can create entirely different movement solutions, even when force magnitude stays the same. Key takeaway: How and where force enters the system matters as much as how much force is produced. 4. Line of Action (Alignment of Force Application) The line of action describes the path along which force is applied. When force is well-aligned:
When force is misaligned:
Key takeaway: Optimal alignment doesn’t mean rigid technique; it means effective force transmission. 5. Rate of Force Development (RFD) RFD describes how quickly force can be produced. This is critical because most sporting actions occur under time constraints:
An athlete who can generate force quickly often outperforms a stronger athlete who produces force too slowly. Key takeaway: In sport, speed of force often beats size of force. 6. Duration (Time Force Is Applied) Duration refers to how long force is applied during a movement. Longer durations are beneficial for:
Effective athletes can scale force duration based on task demands. Key takeaway: Different problems require different force-time solutions. 7. Variability (Adaptability of Force Output) Sport is unpredictable. Variability reflects an athlete’s ability to:
This is not inconsistency, it is adaptability. Key takeaway: Robust athletes aren’t perfect; they’re flexible under changing conditions. 8. Frequency (How Often Force Is Applied) Frequency refers to how often force is produced within a given time frame. Examples include:
Sport demands both regular and irregular force application patterns, often under fatigue. Key takeaway: Performance depends on repeated force production, not just single maximal efforts. 9. Impulse (Force × Time) Impulse is the total force applied over time and is a major driver of movement outcomes.
Impulse directly influences momentum: Momentum = Mass × Velocity Increasing impulse can be achieved by:
This is critical for:
Key takeaway: Movement effectiveness improves when athletes learn to apply force for the right amount of time. 10. Force–Velocity Relationship Force and velocity exist on an inverse continuum:
Sport requires access to the entire spectrum:
Training should expand this spectrum, not live at one end. Key takeaway: Versatility across the force–velocity curve is the hallmark of high-level athleticism. Force in sport is not just about being strong, fast, or powerful in isolation. It’s about:
When training respects these characteristics, athletes don’t just move better in the gym, they move better in the game. Performance isn’t about force alone. It’s about how force is organized, expressed, and adapted in contextual environments. |
AuthorJamie Smith is a proud husband and father, passionate about all things relating to athletic development and a life long learner, who is open to unorthodox ideas as long they are beneficial to his athletes. Categories
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*By accessing this website and/or purchasing or utilizing the articles, emails, programs, images, videos, services and/or products, you are agreeing to this disclaimer in its entirety. The content on this website and the educational products sold within are the intellectual property of The U of Strength, LLC and may not be replicated, reproduced, or sold without prior written consent from The U of Strength, LLC. Website, social media and product content provided is for informational purposes and meant to be utilized by athletes, sport coaches, and fitness professionals at their own discretion. It is not meant to substitute advice or guidance from qualified medical experts, and misuse of the information can result in serious injury. Any fitness program should be administered under the discretion of qualified professionals who take into account individual differences in health and ability. While our programs have found success with the athletes who train at our facility, individual results vary and we do not guarantee any specific results. The U of Strength, LLC assumes no liability from the misuse of the content provided or products purchased. Users assume all risk when implementing our ideas in theirs or their clients’ real life training experiences.
Email: [email protected]
*By accessing this website and/or purchasing or utilizing the articles, emails, programs, images, videos, services and/or products, you are agreeing to this disclaimer in its entirety. The content on this website and the educational products sold within are the intellectual property of The U of Strength, LLC and may not be replicated, reproduced, or sold without prior written consent from The U of Strength, LLC. Website, social media and product content provided is for informational purposes and meant to be utilized by athletes, sport coaches, and fitness professionals at their own discretion. It is not meant to substitute advice or guidance from qualified medical experts, and misuse of the information can result in serious injury. Any fitness program should be administered under the discretion of qualified professionals who take into account individual differences in health and ability. While our programs have found success with the athletes who train at our facility, individual results vary and we do not guarantee any specific results. The U of Strength, LLC assumes no liability from the misuse of the content provided or products purchased. Users assume all risk when implementing our ideas in theirs or their clients’ real life training experiences.