Open & Closed Environments

Open and closed environments refer to the conditions under which a movement is performed, and the implications for motor learning and performance.

In an open environment, the conditions are unpredictable, which means the athlete needs to constantly adapt to the dynamic changes. This requires the individual to be flexible and adjust their movements in real-time. The actions are influenced by external constraints, such as workspace, teammates, opponents and weather.

In a closed environment, the conditions are stable and predictable. The athlete can anticipate what will happen. The elements in the environment remain constant and do not change during the performance of the skill. The actions are not influenced by external factors; the motor pattern is isolated.

Understanding whether a skill is performed in an open or closed environment is crucial for designing an effective preparation process. Training should focus on problem-solving, decision-making, and the ability to adapt to changing conditions. Mimicking game-like situations and incorporating activities (small sided games) with unpredictability is crucial.

On the other hand, there are times when the emphasis can be placed on improving specific motor patterns and solutions in a controlled setting (speed, plyometrics & resistance training). This allows the individual to experience movement opportunities (shapes, velocities, force vectors, etc.) that wouldn’t be possible in a chaotic environment.

Training programs need to incorporate a mix of both types of environments to prepare athletes for a range of situations and the demands of sport.
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